Sunday Bloody Sunday by U2

FACTS

"Sunday Bloody Sunday" appeared in U2’s 1983 album War. It’s an overtly political song describing the events that happened in the Northern Ireland city of Derry on the 30^th of January, 1972 when British troops shot and killed unarmed people taking part in a civil rights march. This day was called the Bloody Sunday.

Video with lyrics:

1972 BLOODY SUNDAY

In this well-known picture we can see Father Edward Daly waving a blood-stained handkerchief while trying to escort a mortally wounded marcher.

The incident was the most significant episode of the Troubles, the name the British government used to refer to the armed confrontation taking place between Catholics and Unionists in Northern Ireland.

The march was a way to protest against interment, which was a mass arrest without trial of people suspected of being involved with the IRA.

On that day 13 people were killed, one more person died 4 months later on account of the injuries received during the attack of the army.

The Saville Inquiry was established in 1998 to reinvestigate the incident. After a 12-year investigation, a report was made public in 2010 concluding that all those shot were unarmed and that none were posing a serious threat. British Prime Minister David Cameron made a formal apology on behalf of the United Kingdom.

The episode served to increase Catholic and Unionist violent confrontations and IRA’s terrorist attacks.

“TONIGHT WE CAN BE AS ONE”

From 1^st January 1801 until 6^th December 1922 Ireland was part of the UK.

Towards the end of the XIX century the Irish tried to achieve Home Rule, a kind of Irish autonomy without leaving the UK. This initiative was strongly opposed by the Unionists who were particularly influential in The Ulster region.

In 1916 the Easter Rising took place. This was an attempt to win independence. The organizers seized key locations in Dublin but the rising lasted only seven days being its leaders court-martialled and executed.

After the General Election of 1919, the parliament members belonging to Sinn Féin set up an Irish Parliament and declared an Irish Republic. A War of Independence followed, whose result was the creation of the Irish Free State and the partition of Ireland, as the six counties of The Ulster remained part of the UK.

As a consequence of the strong opposition between anti-treaty and pro-treaty forces, a Civil War broke out. The British supplies led to the defeat of the anti-treaty supporters led by Eamon de Valera.

Years later, de Valera won the elections and drew up a new constitution. In 1949, the Republic of Ireland was created, a “really” free state at last.

In this video you can listen to Irish Conor Cunneen summarising the history of Ireland using poetry and narration in a unique Irish way.

A Short History Of Ireland - Vikings, English, Famine, Emigration, Irish Civil War.

And Northern Ireland? In the region there have been “troubles” since the partition but these seemed to get worse in the 1970’s.

Not until 1998’s Good Friday Agreement did both parts agree to a truce and the progressive disarmament.

Among other things they agreed on the creation of the Northern Ireland Assembly, a kind of autonomous government for the region.

The following video summarises the conflict.

The Northern Ireland conflict:

And here you have an illustrative example of the effects of the conflict on the daily lives of Northern Irish.

Northern Ireland divided by walls.

Whatever next?

Nowadays, the conflict goes on but from a different perspective. Maybe it is not a question of religion or politics anymore. It is just a question of economy.

You can get some up-to-date information from this video:

Brexit and the Irish border problem.

“WHEN FACT IS FICTION AND TV REALITY”

In the song Bono sings this line. What do you think he is referring to?

Maybe the way in which the media  omitted some information at that time?

The Army’s version of the event was published on 1 February 1972 in The Guardian:

Some versions of the front page of the Daily Mirror show this subhead:

The coverage of the news in the Republic could have been different, anyway, he starts the song with the line “ I can’t believe the news today”; he could also refer to his own feeling of outrage.

“I WON’T HEED THE BATTLE CALL”

At the peak of the conflict, young people were subject to fall into the trap of active involvement in the fight.

Have a look at this anti-terrorist advert trying to persuade the Irish people to report on the activities of their fellow citizens.

Would you do that yourself? What could be the consequences?

Anti-terrorism advert:

HISTORY ON THE WALLS

If you visit the cities of Belfast and Derry and look at the walls of the buildings, you will find a visual encyclopaedia depicting the political and religious divisions of Northern Ireland. Depending on the area, Irish republican or Unionist, the varied themes reflect the most relevant events and dearest values to each community. In this video you can have a look at the history on The Ulster walls.

The Murals of Northern Ireland

MORE BLOODY SUNDAYS

The term “bloody” can be defined as: “covered with blood or characterised by cruelty”. But in informal British English, the word “bloody” is used to express anger or emphasis as in: “Bloody shit!” For instance, if you don’t like Sundays, you will say “Oh no, another bloody Sunday!” However, this is not the case.

All along history there have been more bloody Sundays, Sundays characterised by violent events derived from a confrontation between protesters and armed government forces. The most relevant being the one happening on 22^nd January 1905 in St Petersburg, Russia, which is also referred to as Red Sunday.

A crowd of demonstrators asking for the improvement of working conditions were shot by soldiers causing an unknown number of deaths and injuries. The massacre provoked a series of massive strikes and was considered a key event leading to the Revolution of 1917.

22nd January 1905: Bloody Sunday massacre in Saint Petersburg.

DEBATE

·       Why do marches and demonstrations usually take place on Sundays?

·       Taking part in a demonstration is a way to make a petition against state plans. How effective could it be?

·       Is there a more effective way to prevent a government from taking the “wrong” decisions?

·       The message of the song is summarised in the following line. Is it true that there is nothing left but losers once the war is over?

And the battle's just begun.

There's many lost, but tell me who has won?

Sign O' the Times by PRINCE

FACTS

Sign O’ The Times was the lead single of Prince’s 1987 album of the same name. The times described in the song are certainly bad times including references to issues such as AIDS, the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and drug abuse.

The video for the song was an early example of a lyric video where the words to the song are the main element of the video.

In 1989 the band Simple Minds released an interesting version of this song.

THE ARTIST FORMERLY KNOWN AS PRINCE

The author or masterpiece Purple Rain, a whizz kid, a charismatic performer; Prince was a prolific songwriter with a studio full of unreleased songs which the company (Warner Bros) refused to publish.

As a result, a legal battle began in 1993 when Prince appeared in public with the word SLAVE written on his cheek, and subsequently he decided to change his artistic name -which was trademarked by the company- to an unpronounceable symbol, combination of the gender symbols for man and woman, thus forcing the media to refer to him as “The Artist Formerly known as Prince”.

He was not able to use his own name until 2000 when the contract with Warner expired.

THE TIMES OF RONALD REAGAN

Ronald Reagan was president of the USA from 1981 to 1989. This meant a conservative era for the politics of the USA. He cut social program funds and increase defence spending. In 1982 the country falls into the biggest economic recession since the Great Depression with a consequent increase of unemployment.

The decade was also characterised by other aspects and events. Some lines of the song show references to these.

A BIG DISEASE WITH A LITTLE NAME

Yes indeed, AIDS is a big disease with a little name, which is an acronym of “Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome”.

A syndrome caused by a virus, HIV, the initials of “Human Immunodeficiency Virus”.

AIDS alters the immune system making it vulnerable to infections and diseases. There is no vaccine and it doesn’t have a cure but can be treated with antiretroviral therapy.

The discovery of the existence of the disease was in 1981 when a medical publication issued a report on a number of infections with a high Case Fatality Rate. At the beginning it was considered a gay-related immune deficiency.

In 1985 American actor Rock Hudson announced that he was suffering from the virus. Another notable casualty of AIDS was Freddie Mercury in 1991.

1985 - Rock Hudson "Mystery Illness" 

In 1990 Red Hot + Blue was released, a benefit album to raise money for AIDS research. This was a compilation of Cole Porter’s songs performed by some contemporary artists such as Talking Heads, Erasure, U2 or Neneh Cherry.

WHEN A ROCKET SHIP EXPLODES

On 28 January, 1986 the Space Shuttle Challenger broke apart over the Atlantic Ocean 73 seconds after launching. All seven crew members of the spacecraft were killed and 17% of USA’s population were witness to the accident as it was being broadcast on TV.

Space Shuttle Challenger Explosion LIVE TV

FROM TRYING A REEFER TO DOING HORSE

In the song Prince tells us that his cousin tried a reefer in September. A reefer is a cannabis cigarette, but this word is sort of obsolete, nowadays joint would be a more common word.

Nine months later his cousin is doing horse, horse is the slang word for heroin.

With these lines Prince is implying that trying any type of drugs increases the chances to become addicted to highly addictive substances.

In the following video you can learn some more slang related to drugs.

SOME SAY MAN AIN'T HAPPY TRULY UNTIL A MAN TRULY DIES

The following quote is attributed to Solon, one of the Seven Sages of Greece:

“Call no man happy until he is dead”.

What should not be misunderstood as it would be the same as saying that death is the end for all human suffering, thus it is at this point that we can ascertain that someone has been happy as from now on they can suffer no more.

In the song Prince paraphrases this aphorism:

“Some say man ain't happy truly until a man truly dies”.

Englishman in New York by STING

FACTS

Englishman in New York is a song from Sting’s second solo album Nothing Like The Sun. It was released as a single in 1988.

In the video you can see and listen to saxophone player Branford Marsallis. In March 1996 Sting says to The Baltimore Sun:

“On 'Englishman in New York', Branford plays 'God Save the Queen' in a minor key at one point.”

In April, he says to The Guitar:

"One of my favourite little jokes is from an 'Englishman In New York', where at one point we're playing 'God Save The Queen' in a minor key. It really tickles me but nobody else hears it!"

Can someone hear “God Save The Queen” in this song?

Or is Sting taking us for a ride?

ORIGINAL VIDEO

LYRICS VIDEO

In 2007 the artist Tiken Jah Fakoly released a version of the song. In the form of a letter, he tries to comfort his mother telling her about his new life as an immigrant in Paris.

The Englishman: QUENTIN CRISP

Quentin Crisp, Wilde’s reincarnation, author of his own memoir The Naked Civil Servant, actor and raconteur. The saying goes that an Englishman’s house is his castle. But what happens when he moves to a foreign country?

Quentin Crisp moved from London to Manhattan in 1981 and the details of his charismatic personality and intense life are worth a whole encyclopedia. As a result, I will redirect you to the Quentin Crisp Archives where you can find interviews, recordings and innumerable articles.

CRISPERANTO

You can also see the two TV movies about his memoir both of them starring John Hurt (God bless you wherever you are).

This is the opening Title sequence of The Naked Civil Servant of 1975.

And this is the trailer for An Englishman In New York of 2009.

However, as the proof is in the pudding, you should have a bite of his wit:

MANNERS MAKETH MAN

In the song Sting repeats the well-known expression: "manners maketh man”. This means that your way of speaking or behaving reflects the kind of person you are, but beware, you shouldn’t’ judge a book by its cover.

I’ll give you some evidence: the following is a scene from the 2014 film Kingsman: The Secret Service starring (among other) Colin Firth, who at some moment says the expression “Manner maketh man.” You will understand why.

GREEN ALIENS AND LEGAL CARDS (Oops! The other way round): LEGAL ALIENS AND GREEN CARDS

You certainly know that Alien is a 1979 Sci-Fi film famous for the “chestburster scene” in which a monster bursts out of John Hurt’s chest. But if you are imagining that the monster is Quentin you are wrong.

The World Law Dictionary Project defines legal alien as
a person who is living in a country legally but who is not a citizen of that country.

The term includes temporary residents with a visa and who are allowed to stay in a country for a period of time for study or business, and permanent residents. In the USA, if you are a lawful permanent resident that means that you have a green card which is valid for 10 years

John Lennon’s green card. Another Englishman in New York.

In 1990 romantic comedy Green Card, Gerard Depardieu plays the role of an illegal alien from France who enters into a marriage of convenience with an American, played by Andie MacDowell, in order to obtain a Green Card.

DEBATE

• In the song Sting mentions some values; modesty, propriety, gentleness and sobriety, which are not very common today.
• Some think that  we are living the times of celebrities, vacuous fame, verbal abuse and intemperance.
• Another  important issue dealt with in the song is that our mannerism and the choices we make define us as individuals.
• The fear of criticism, prejudices and  alieantion hinders our initiatives.
• Everyone of us has their own views and morals but most of us opt to go with the flow. 

Be yourself. No matter what they say.

Tom Diner's by SUZANNE VEGA

FACTS

The song was written by Suzanne Vega and appeared in her 1987 album Solitude Standing.

Tom’s Diner refers to Tom’s Restaurant in NYC where she used to be a frequent patron when she was a student at the university.

In this article from the archive of Vega’s official website you can read more facts about the composition of the song including the identity of the dead actor appearing in the newspaper.

⇨ The Exact Day Of The Composition Of The Song

But Tom’s Restaurant would later become famous for being the location for the exterior scenes of Monk’s Café, the place where a group of friends in the popular 90’s sitcom Seinfeld would meet for a coffee or a meal.

In this scene the friends are sitting at the counter waiting for a free booth:

This is a short documentary about the location:

LANGUAGE:

The Present Continuous

Very often, this song is used by teachers to explain the present continuous tense.

One of the main uses of this tense is to express actions happening at the time of speaking and it is also common when we want to describe the setting of an event.

You can revise and practice the use of this tense here:

⇨https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/present-continuous-basic

British and American English

George Bernard Shaw once said: “The United States and Great Britain are two countries separated by a common language.”

This is true to some extent. The former British colonists brought the language to the country, but these settlers mingled with migrants from other places speaking different languages. This melting pot created a language of their own with different grammar structures and a different accent and intonation.

Watch this Voanews video to check the main differences:

⇨ Voanews: 6 differences between British and American English

But the most outstanding difference is found in the vocabulary. American and British English speakers need some time to adapt to the language when they move from one country to the other. Most words belong to the lexical fields of food, transport, shopping or clothes, which are related to common everyday activities.

In the song we can find the following examples:

Diner: in the US, a small informal and inexpensive restaurant, often (but not always) at the side of the road. British would say “café” or “restaurant.”

The funnies: drawings, especially in a newspaper or magazine, that tell a joke or make a humorous criticism. In British English they prefer to say “cartoons.”

Gotten: another form of the past participle of “get” with the meaning of “become” as in: “her hair has gotten wet”. In the British Islands it’s more common to hear: “her hair has got wet.”

You will find more examples of the differences between British and American English here:

⇨ British Vs American English: 100+ Differences Illustrated

MEANING AND DEBATE

The “Observer”

Nighthawks by Edward Hopper

In the song, the narrator observes the people at the diner; the bartender, the customers, a woman outside the window, etc. She also listens to or overhears a conversation.

To overhear means to listen just by chance, without an intention. When you listen on purpose and secretly, for example behind a door, you eavesdrop.

• Have you ever sat at a café and just observe or "overhear" the people around you?
• What are they doing? Are they chatting? What are they thinking? How do they feel? Do they have any problems?
• Who are they? What are their pleasures and concerns?
• And you, what do you usually do when you sit alone at a café?